Ortho

Within organic chemistry, the terms ‘ortho,’ ‘meta,’ and ‘para’ are crucial for precisely describing the spatial arrangement of substituents attached to a benzene ring. These terms represent relative positions based on the number of carbon atoms separating the two groups. ‘Ortho’ (also known as *ortho*) specifically denotes substituents occupying positions 1 and 2 on the ring – directly adjacent to each other. ‘Meta’ (also known as *meta*) describes substituents located at the 1,3 positions, while ‘para’ (also known as *para*) designates substituents in the 1,4 positions. Understanding these positional designations is fundamental for predicting and controlling the reactivity of benzene derivatives and for designing molecules with specific properties.